為了翻譯“君子和而不同,小人同而不和”,我查閱了《漢英四書》[英國]理雅各(JAMES LEGGE)翻譯,湖南出版社1992年校注版;發現“君子”和“小人”的翻譯值得探討,我從頭到尾看完了《論語》(The Confucian Analects)。在《論語》裡,“君子”和“小人”在不同情況小,翻譯不同。
在大多數情況下,“君子”翻譯成superior man;“小人”翻譯成mean man。所以,一般把上等人稱為“君子”,普通的下等人稱為“小人”。在“君子不器”中,翻譯是“ The accomplished scholar is not a utensil ”在這裡“君子”是指多才多藝的學者。在“唯女子與小人為難養也,近之則不孫,遠之則怨。”(Of all people, girls and servants are the most difficult to behave to, If you are familiar with them, they lose their humility . If you maintain a reserve towards them, they are discontented.)在這裡“小人”是servant (僕人)。在“君子食無求飽,居無求安,敏於事而慎於言,就有道而正焉,可謂好學也已。”(He who aims to be a man of complete virtue, in his food does not seek to gratify his appetite, nor in his dwelling-place does he seek the appliances of ease; he is earnest in what he is doing, and careful in his speech; he frequents the company of men of principle that he may be rectified: --such a person may be said indeed to love to learn.)這裡“君子”是a man of complete virtue,(品德完美的人)。在“君子懷德,小人懷土;君子懷刑,小人懷惠”(The superior man thinks of virtue; the small man thinks of comfort. The superior man thinks of the sanctions of law; the small man thinks of favours which he may receive.)這裡“小人”是the small man. Small有“小氣的”和“心胸狹窄”的意思。
當孔子的學生樊遲問到關於種田和種菜的問題時,孔子說:“小人哉,樊遲也!” (A small man, indeed, is Fan Xu ! ) 這裡的“小人”也是small man.並非指品德不好的人,而是指沒有抱負,沒有出息的農民。孔子一貫歧視勞動人民,嚮往升官發財的達官貴人。所以“君子”就是上流社會的達官貴人;“小人”就是普通老百姓。
亞里斯多德說過:“名詞是少的,事物是多的”。特別是古文和一些文化不發達的少數民族語文,一個詞往往可以表達許多相似和相近的詞義。現代英語詞彙比較豐富,能表達許許多多細微差別。另外,詞的內涵和外延也是不斷變化的。現在提到“君子”和“小人”的時候,與孔子當年已經有所變化。
2003年,上海交通大學出版社出版的《新漢英辭典》,把“君子”譯成gentleman和a man of noble character.把“小人”譯成a base person; villain (惡棍);和a person of low position.台灣《最新林語堂漢英詞典》(1987年),“君子”翻譯成superior man;和gentleman.把“小人”翻譯成common people; selfish or mean person.商務印書館1978年出版的《漢英詞典》,“君子”和“小人”的翻譯與《新漢英辭典》相同;前者可能根據後者。台灣還有一本《當代漢英詞典》(1978年)與林語堂的翻譯一樣,前者可能也是根據後者。各種各樣的譯法,只能根據具體情況,靈活掌握。
by 肖克東
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